Welcome to SIPA from Caitlin and Sid COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome to SIPA from Caitlin and Sid COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Orientation is happening this week, and everyone here is excited to welcome the Class of 2020 to our global family! If you can see yourself being here in a year or two, be sure to check out a few upcoming recruiting events on-campus and off-campus. You’ll be able to chat with SIPA admissions staff and alumni about the application process, student life, career options, and anything else that comes to mind. In the meantime, get a glimpse of student life at SIPA with Caitlin and Sid. Learn more about the student organizations Caitlin and Sid are involved with: Conflict Resolution Working Group MENA Forum MESS Forum Women in Leadership Women in Peace Security SIPA Follies Columbia European Union Student Association

Scientifically Based Research School Reform - 1551 Words

The policy mandates that school reforms and practices should be grounded on â€Å"Scientifically Based Research† and employ educators that are â€Å"Highly Qualified† (Manna Petrilli, 2008, p. 63). The â€Å"Scientifically Based Research† (SBR) and â€Å"Highly Qualified† (HQ) teachers are supposedly, fruits of collaboration between educational researchers and the policy makers. Regretfully, the overuse phrases have become mantras and in the process the real definitions of the words or how they are supposed to be implemented is convoluted. Combined with school leaders’ professional wisdom, HQ should be the foundation of school reforms and SBR supposed to inform teaching practices, curriculum decisions and school programs to improve student learning.†¦show more content†¦Reflectively, if policy makers have invested their own funds and time, or the cause or goals are more in line with that of their own ideology, then clearly they will have t o pay much more attention to the data before making their decisions. The finger-pointing reveals the miscommunication between researchers and policy makers, and is a major dilemma in the fragmentation of research effort. To further their own agenda, sometimes political entities higher influential â€Å"synthesizers† to carry out their own research in order to promote what their organizations deemed important (p. 77). As Petrilli states, the synthesizers put together the â€Å"High Qualified† research, package it into something that is ideologically suitable for their own agenda and pass it down to policy makers. The user-friendly language, same ideology and compelling evidence why policy makers should embrace the definition of HQ will ultimately help policy makers to make their decision. Education field as a whole, whether it is academic, research, structures, management or a combination of them all is a complex entity and full of political, social, economical and ideo logical agendas tangled deeply within it. One would think that if a program that has been researched extensively and the findings are conclusively effective, school leaders might want to use it to improve education practice. However, quite often personal philosophy, ideologies and beliefs of schoolShow MoreRelatedEducational Reform1289 Words   |  6 PagesEducational reform is a political process with a primary focus on making improvements to the current educational system. In 2001 education in the United States indicated there were multiple and significant achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geographies (Bush, 2001). These educational gaps placed a great strain on the United States (Economic Impact, 2009), with â€Å"too many of our neediest students...being left behind† In an attempt to amend the situation, the federal governmentRead MoreThe Effect of Comprehensive School Reform On Middle School Achievement1562 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Schools with high dropout rates are categorized as underperforming schools. 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One Sample Hypothesis Testing Free Essays

One Sample Hypothesis Testing The significance of earnings is a growing facade in today’s economy. Daily operation, individuals, and families alike rely heavily on each sale or paycheck to provide financial stability throughout. Depending on the nature of labor, wages are typically compensated in accords to one’s experience and education or specialization. We will write a custom essay sample on One Sample Hypothesis Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, calculating the specified industry, occupation title, education, experience on-the-job, gender, race, age, and membership to a union will additionally influence wages. To help analyze operation pay scales and remain within budget a business should obtain data pertaining to current variations in wage. Today statistics allow a business or businesses to do so in a timely and proficient manner. The purpose of the succeeding report is to communicate a hypothesis statement regarding the wages of Hispanics and Caucasian workers. Team B would like to determine whether race has an influence on the wage of these specific workers. Team B will convey this data of wages in both a numerical and verbal manner. Moreover, it is to describe and perform the five-step hypothesis test on the wages and wage earner data set, including data tables and results of the computations of a z-test or t-test by way of graphical and tabular methods. Also the paper will depict the results of all testing and convey how the results given Team B’s hypothesis testing may be used to answer the research question. Hypotheses Learning Team B’s verbal hypothesis question asks â€Å"Does the mean salary of a Hispanic worker exceed thirty thousand dollars and that of the mean salary of a Caucasian worker? † The numerical question used for our hypothesis test is  µ gt; $30,000. Another numerical question is  µ1gt; µ2.  µ1 is defined as the sample mean of Hispanic workers salaries and  µ2 defined as the sample mean of Caucasian workers salaries. The Hispanic sample population is six workers from the â€Å"Wages and Wage Earners Data Set. † Learning Team B needs to consider whether or not the population is normal as the population size is less than 30. This also prohibits use of the Central Limit Theorem until the data set is proven normal. The wage of one worker being much higher than the others means our data will be skewed right and this data may not be a â€Å"good† sample. The existence of this outlier means our results will be skewed meaning we should find a better sample to base our results on. More importantly, the existence of an outlier reminds us that the mean is not always a good measure of the â€Å"typical† value of X. † (Doane Seward, 2007). Five-step Hypothesis Test Team B would like to find if average Hispanic workers make more than $30,000 per year. The team’s null hypotheses or (HO) is that Hispanic pay is greater than or equal to $30,000. The team’s alternative hypothesis or (H1) is that Hispanic pay is less than $30,000. The significance level has been set at . 05 or 95%. The z score of . 05 is -1. 645. If the z-value is less than -1. 645 then the team can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. If the z-value is greater than -1. 645 then the team fails to reject the null hypothesis, meaning Hispanic workers do, in fact, make more than $30,000 a year. Hypotheses: HO Hispanic pay ? 30,000 H1 Hispanic pay gt; 30,000 Data Set: (University of Phoenix, 2007) 83,601 29,736 15,234 24,509 33,461 13,481 Formula 1: Mean = (83,601+29,736+15,234+24,509+33,461+13,481)/6 M = 33,337 Formula 2: Standard Deviation = SQRT(((X1-M)Squared+(X2-M)Squared†¦)/(N-1)) SD = SQRT(((83,601-33,337)Squared+(29,736-33,337)Squared†¦)/(6-1)) SD = SQRT(((50,24)Squared =(3,601)Squared+(18,094)Squared†¦)/(5) SD = 25,841. 97 Hispanic pay mean = 33,337 Hispanic pay Standard deviation = 25,842 Sample size = 6 Formula 3: Z-Test = (Mean-X)/(Standard Deviation/SQRT(N)) Z = (33,337 – 30,000)/(25842/SQRT(6)) Z = 3,337/10,549. 94 Z = . 3163 As a result, we find that Z gt; -1. 645 Next team B wanted to see what the wage difference was between Caucasians and Hispanics. The team’s null hypothesis or (HO) is that white pay wages are ? Hispanic pay wages. The teams alternative hypothesis or (H1) is White pay wages are lt; Hispanic pay wages. White wages mean = 31,387. 39 Hispanic Wage mean = 33,337. 00 White wages STDEV = 16,810. 03 Hispanic wage STDEV = 25,843. 24 Finally the team wanted to see if age played a part in the difference in pay wages. Our null hypothesis or (HO) is that White age is = to Hispanic ages. The alternative or (H1) is that White age is ? to Hispanic ages. White Wage age mean = 39. 71429 Hispanic wage age mean = 35. 5 White wage age STDEV = 12. 3484 Hispanic wage age STDEV = 14. 25132 Test Results This test is significant because it shows that, based on the sample population; the average Hispanic worker makes more than $30,000 per year. This is because the team performed a one tailed Z-Test to determine with 95% confidence that Hispanic wages were greater than $30,000 per year. This is a one tailed test because the alternate hypothesis is only proven when the Z Value is less than the critical value of $30,000 in this case. With a Z Value of . 3163, we find that our Z-Test has yielded a result significantly higher than -1. 45, which proves H0, or that Hispanic pay is greater than $30,000 per year. The test also concluded that Hispanic workers make more than Caucasian workers on average. We also gathered data showing the average age of Caucasian workers is higher than that of Hispanic workers. In conclusion, this paper has discussed and researched the various influence of one’s race and wages. Our results provided immense data relating to our hypotheses and both verbal and numerical hypothesis were proven to conclude that Hispanic workers on average make more than $30,000 a year and also more than the average Caucasian worker. By using a smaller sample Team B was able to distinguish any correlations between both races and determine a sound result. In today’s economy wages are a momentous factor and whether ones Hispanic or not wages have a sizeable impact on one’s life. We believe our research shows that Hispanic’s have an advantage in the workplace over Caucasian workers. References: Doane, D. P. Seward, L. E. , (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. How to cite One Sample Hypothesis Testing, Papers

Product Life Cycle- McDonalds Essay Example

Product Life Cycle- McDonalds Essay Name: Class: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Product Life Cycle- McDonalds McDonalds is one of the mostly recognized and best-known brands worldwide. It is the world’s largest hamburger and fast foods chain of restaurants. The food store has a customer base of about fifty million customers daily. Its business plan is structured in a way that a branch might be owned by the corporation, an affiliate or a franchisee. The company deals in cheeseburgers, chicken products, hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, desserts and shakes. The company has grown considerably over the years since it has opened branches in several states across America. The company is also found in 119 countries around the world. The company earns its revenues by investing in properties and franchising together with operating of restaurants. The company is in the market maturity stage of the product life cycle. In this stage, the strong growth in sales by the company is diminishing. At this stage of the product life cycle the competition may appear with similar products like Burger King is doing to McDonalds. The primary objective that a company should focus on when at this stage of the product life cycle is to defend its market share and try to maximize it profits. At this stage also, the features of its products might be enhanced or the company might try to implement other products in order to create a stiff competition for its competitors (Sparks 12). For instance, the company has introduced a new type of food called a salad that targets its health-minded customers. The pricing of the foodstuffs have also been revised lower to fight the competition. The distribution plan of the company has also been revised to become more intensive and with increased incentives to encourage customers to choose McDonalds over its competitors. All these characteristics are of a company in the maturity stage and so is the McDonald’s company. Among the three positioning strategies, McDonalds uses the breakaway positioning strategy. This strategy is where the product escapes from its original category and deliberately associates itself with another product. The marketers of the product change the category in which the products are consumed and the competitors with whom they compete with (Youngme 89). The strategy selection that McDonalds has chosen is indeed fit for the company since it deals with products. Since products are tangible and due to the constant exposure the consumers learn how to easily encounter and experience new features while the products still evolve. The consumers have a welcoming feel to the new product options. However, this only occurs where the product is mature in the market and only where the purchasing of the item is routine and mundane. This is indeed how the McDonalds products are structured since their customers buy them regularly and is a sort of a routine exercise for them. The continued extending of the brands gives diversity to the products which is what the consumers seek and what might keep them faithful to the brand but however, if the product keeps on increasing in diversity, the ignition of passionate buying that the breakaway system ignites are reduced (Sparks 14). Breakaway positioning makes it easy for customers and consumers to make judgments of familiar products and increases their desire for uniqueness. The type of positioning also fends off competition by limiting the efforts of copycats. Companies mostly dealing with products should acquire the breakaway positioning strategy by trying to combine the unique features found in their products in all categories. This can make the company actually develop a maturity for their product and make it grow further. Companies should also remember that their distribution channels, their promotions, the design of their product and their product pricing determine greatly what category the product shall fall in, in the market. Works Cited Youngme, Moon. â€Å"Break Free From The Product Life Cycle†. Harvard Business Review (2005): 87-94. Print. Sparks, John. â€Å"Different Ways to Think about Products†. MKT 301 Web Notes: Products and Brands. (n.d.). Print.

To what extent were black oppo essays

To what extent were black oppo essays To what extent were black opposition groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, responsible for the suppression of the black civil rights movement between 1865-1980? After the 13th Amendment in 1865 the black civil rights movement began. As they were no longer slaves they fought for the rights that should be given to any citizen of the United States of America. The constitution states that all men are created equal but this was not the case as a combination of factors lead to the suppression of the civil rights movement. As soon as they started fighting for rights, groups emerged to oppose them, as Einsteins theory of relativity says, For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. These groups used different methods to achieve their goals. The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, used intimidatory tactics to make blacks do what they wanted, whereas political movements such as the Know Nothing Party tried to turn the rest of the population against them. They were originally effective, but in the end just seemed to give more resolution to the civil rights movement. More importantly was the socio-political climate of the US at this time as discrimina tion against blacks was very deep seated and political parties did nothing to help blacks. Also the state legislatures were given too much power by the federal government so they could enforce their own racist laws, the Jim Crowe laws, at their own discretion. Finally, the lack of unity in the blacks civil rights movement, which is probably the most important factor, meant that they were pulling in different directions, rather than all pushing in the same one. The conflicts within the movement were always there and meant that there were never huge amounts of sustained pressure, which was what was needed to enforce changes. The Ku Klux Klan had three main periods of influence and had varying degrees of success in each. They first came into being in 1865 an...

10 Tips for Better Business Writing

10 Tips for Better Business Writing 10 Tips for Better Business Writing 10 Tips for Better Business Writing By Mark Nichol Writing in a business environment is an activity with associated norms, challenges, and opportunities. Keep the following points in mind as you craft communication in the context of a company or an organization. 1. Clarity Be clear. Clarity is the primary goal of all communication, and in business writing, the degree of transparency in one’s message can determine whether one succeeds or fails in a venture, whether you’re transmitting a report or closing a deal. State the intention of your message, provide the necessary details, and request the precise response you need or want. 2. Active Voice Employ active construction (subject-verb-object). â€Å"This report was sent to me by John Smith† is not wrong, and it’s probably the best choice if you want to distinguish one report from another, but consider whether â€Å"John Smith† should be the subject of the sentence; the active syntax is more vigorous, and usually more appropriate. 3. Direct Language Construct concise, declarative statements. Your goal is to provide or invite information, or to persuade or be persuaded. Your time is valuable to you, but the recipient or recipients of your communication also have constraints and deadlines, so take the time to express yourself with economy and directness. 4. Simple Words Favor plain, clear words and phrases over technical terms, jargon, or buzzwords. Take care not to complicate your vocabulary or stiffen your tone in an attempt to seem more businesslike or expert. By all means, use proper terminology to enhance clarity and demonstrate your knowledge and skills, but imagine how you would speak to your intended audience, and write with a conversational glossary in mind. 5. Tone Strike a balance in tone that depends on the particular context of the communication. Even within categories (memos, whether in print or in email form, or marketing content), the feel of the correspondence will depend on many factors. Consult with management and colleagues, study precedents, and consider the audience when settling on the voice of a particular message. 6. Role Consider the role of a particular piece of communication. If it’s summarizing a report, don’t go into so much detail that the report itself is unnecessary (unless, of course, you’re providing an executive summary for a company leader who doesn’t have time to read it). If it’s part of a larger project, match your writing style to the approach of the overall suite of materials. 7. Goal Focus on the expected or hoped-for outcome. Whether you’re writing to a superior or a subordinate, or to a colleague or someone outside your company or organization, be clear but courteous about the goal of your correspondence. 8. Candor Avoid euphemisms or generic references; name topics outright. Diplomacy is a foundation of successful business transactions, but you can undermine success by seeming too solicitous or vague about sensitive matters. Be forthright in your discussion. 9. Formality Standards for business correspondence have become more relaxed, but maintain a professional tone, avoiding slang or text-speak, exclamation points, and overly informal salutations and sign-offs. 10. Words with Friends Be cautious about making exceptions about formality when corresponding with coworkers or associates you consider friends or confidants. Just because you dish or swear when the two of you chat in person doesn’t mean you should do so in email messages or other electronic communications located on a company network. Drop the formality a notch, certainly, but don’t document your lapses in professional behavior. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 10155 Boxing IdiomsPlurals of Proper Names