JP Getty Musuem Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, William Eggleston

JP Getty Musuem The historical center that I visited was the J. P. Getty. This exhibition hall in general is unfathomable. Be that as it may, the photography display caught my eye. The first occasion when that I went to the Getty, the Andy Warhol display was up and I had an extraordinary abhorrence for his work. Then again, the show by William Eggleston was wonderful. His work on shading photography was phenomenal. One specific picture bunch in-named, Memphis was incredibly very much done. There was an image of a flame broil that was ablaze, and words can't portray the image. The hues that were shown from this image made my eyes become hopelessly enamored with the work. I looked at the barbecue and its flares for a very long time, until my date got me and directed me toward some different works. One thing that fascinated me with this photograph is the substance and thought. The image was only a barbecue the perspective was as though you were remaining before the flame broil, the main thing that he d id was to locate that ideal second to snap the image. To certain individuals this is only a flame broil, to others it is an emblematic importance of life's aspirations, and it has interminable measure of implications. That is the thing that makes this image so incredible, the chasm of considerations on this one picture prompts a discussion on this one piece and that is the thing that I accept workmanship is about, in the event that you take a gander at something and there is such hugeness which prompts a conversation then its motivation was met, and on the off chance that individuals simply take a gander at something and proceed onward, at that point the image or bit of craftsmanship was significant just to the craftsman. Again the second piece that grabbed my attention is that of Eggleston's Grreenwood, Mississippi. This image may simply be a color move print, of a light and the roof, however this image to me just draws my consideration. This image taken starting from the earliest stage likely with an up perspective towards the light, has likewise three white strings getting the center the focal point of the image were the light is found. To me the importance of this image is the emblematic significance of thoughts, and I would put it up in my office when I develop to keep me considering new thoughts and to never choose one idea, yet to take a gander at however many edges as could reasonably be expected. Additionally this image makes me need to turn the light on by pulling the string and watch to light shine. Another picture taker that I took a gander at was work done by John Divola. His Zuma arrangement was extremely, abnormal. He took a similar picture yet at various times and every one recounted to an alternate story. This motivated me and I made an endeavor to do this on my last. These photos of I trust Zuma sea shore, were extremely fascinating. I am not to secure with his thoughts, however I feel that he is attempting to make the watcher part of this image, and he caused me to feel as if I was in this room watching out over the sea and the remnants of this room. It was printed huge just about a 11 by 14, or perhaps bigger. This permitted I think for the watcher to be a piece of this image. These photos at the Getty, were fabulous, there were a ton of pictures that I preferred and some that I detested, anyway the show was extraordinary. Eggleston's work on shading was great and words like I said can't depict his work, I was in ahh for the vast majority of the day and could just would like to print this brilliant.

In what ways does a consideration of interdependence challenge the Essay

In what ways does a thought of relationship challenge the pragmatist examination of the possibilities for global co-activity in quest for outright gains - Essay Example The very actuality that another world request has developed after the breakdown of Soviet Union specifically and the Communist Bloc when all is said in done requests a move in our focal point of consideration while examining the collaborations of the states. The very idea of country states itself has significantly changed. The changes on sway of country states, which are brought about by neoliberal globalization, are remarkable and clearly irreversible. New establishments have developed at the global level and they apply more noteworthy impact over the arrangement plans even by the country expresses that are insignificantly incorporated to the world market. Tradionally, the global framework has been undoubtedly observed as a universe of sovereign states. States have the imposing business model of intensity inside a given region and guarantee to speak to the interests of the subjects of its standard. A state is essential unit at the worldwide level. Established autonomy is a characterizing character of a real state. All states are viewed as equivalent before the universal law. Rather than the hypothetical circumstance, we can see that the associations between and among the states at the universal level do includes relations of intensity. Numerous scholars of worldwide legislative issues have seen that amazing states can join their ideal closures to the global laws and activate what they need from different states that have lesser assets. The very origination of political is distinctive for authenticity and progressivism. The political is considered as the way to specific standards in liberal hypothesis, for example, majority rule government and freedom. Unfairly, authenticity considers legislative issues to be described by strife. Authenticity is otherwise called political authenticity. Traditional authenticity, neorealism and neoclassical authenticity are the significant assortments of pragmatist thinking. Then again, liberal

Welcome to SIPA from Caitlin and Sid COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome to SIPA from Caitlin and Sid COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Orientation is happening this week, and everyone here is excited to welcome the Class of 2020 to our global family! If you can see yourself being here in a year or two, be sure to check out a few upcoming recruiting events on-campus and off-campus. You’ll be able to chat with SIPA admissions staff and alumni about the application process, student life, career options, and anything else that comes to mind. In the meantime, get a glimpse of student life at SIPA with Caitlin and Sid. Learn more about the student organizations Caitlin and Sid are involved with: Conflict Resolution Working Group MENA Forum MESS Forum Women in Leadership Women in Peace Security SIPA Follies Columbia European Union Student Association

Scientifically Based Research School Reform - 1551 Words

The policy mandates that school reforms and practices should be grounded on â€Å"Scientifically Based Research† and employ educators that are â€Å"Highly Qualified† (Manna Petrilli, 2008, p. 63). The â€Å"Scientifically Based Research† (SBR) and â€Å"Highly Qualified† (HQ) teachers are supposedly, fruits of collaboration between educational researchers and the policy makers. Regretfully, the overuse phrases have become mantras and in the process the real definitions of the words or how they are supposed to be implemented is convoluted. Combined with school leaders’ professional wisdom, HQ should be the foundation of school reforms and SBR supposed to inform teaching practices, curriculum decisions and school programs to improve student learning.†¦show more content†¦Reflectively, if policy makers have invested their own funds and time, or the cause or goals are more in line with that of their own ideology, then clearly they will have t o pay much more attention to the data before making their decisions. The finger-pointing reveals the miscommunication between researchers and policy makers, and is a major dilemma in the fragmentation of research effort. To further their own agenda, sometimes political entities higher influential â€Å"synthesizers† to carry out their own research in order to promote what their organizations deemed important (p. 77). As Petrilli states, the synthesizers put together the â€Å"High Qualified† research, package it into something that is ideologically suitable for their own agenda and pass it down to policy makers. The user-friendly language, same ideology and compelling evidence why policy makers should embrace the definition of HQ will ultimately help policy makers to make their decision. Education field as a whole, whether it is academic, research, structures, management or a combination of them all is a complex entity and full of political, social, economical and ideo logical agendas tangled deeply within it. One would think that if a program that has been researched extensively and the findings are conclusively effective, school leaders might want to use it to improve education practice. However, quite often personal philosophy, ideologies and beliefs of schoolShow MoreRelatedEducational Reform1289 Words   |  6 PagesEducational reform is a political process with a primary focus on making improvements to the current educational system. In 2001 education in the United States indicated there were multiple and significant achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geographies (Bush, 2001). These educational gaps placed a great strain on the United States (Economic Impact, 2009), with â€Å"too many of our neediest students...being left behind† In an attempt to amend the situation, the federal governmentRead MoreThe Effect of Comprehensive School Reform On Middle School Achievement1562 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Schools with high dropout rates are categorized as underperforming schools. 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One Sample Hypothesis Testing Free Essays

One Sample Hypothesis Testing The significance of earnings is a growing facade in today’s economy. Daily operation, individuals, and families alike rely heavily on each sale or paycheck to provide financial stability throughout. Depending on the nature of labor, wages are typically compensated in accords to one’s experience and education or specialization. We will write a custom essay sample on One Sample Hypothesis Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, calculating the specified industry, occupation title, education, experience on-the-job, gender, race, age, and membership to a union will additionally influence wages. To help analyze operation pay scales and remain within budget a business should obtain data pertaining to current variations in wage. Today statistics allow a business or businesses to do so in a timely and proficient manner. The purpose of the succeeding report is to communicate a hypothesis statement regarding the wages of Hispanics and Caucasian workers. Team B would like to determine whether race has an influence on the wage of these specific workers. Team B will convey this data of wages in both a numerical and verbal manner. Moreover, it is to describe and perform the five-step hypothesis test on the wages and wage earner data set, including data tables and results of the computations of a z-test or t-test by way of graphical and tabular methods. Also the paper will depict the results of all testing and convey how the results given Team B’s hypothesis testing may be used to answer the research question. Hypotheses Learning Team B’s verbal hypothesis question asks â€Å"Does the mean salary of a Hispanic worker exceed thirty thousand dollars and that of the mean salary of a Caucasian worker? † The numerical question used for our hypothesis test is  µ gt; $30,000. Another numerical question is  µ1gt; µ2.  µ1 is defined as the sample mean of Hispanic workers salaries and  µ2 defined as the sample mean of Caucasian workers salaries. The Hispanic sample population is six workers from the â€Å"Wages and Wage Earners Data Set. † Learning Team B needs to consider whether or not the population is normal as the population size is less than 30. This also prohibits use of the Central Limit Theorem until the data set is proven normal. The wage of one worker being much higher than the others means our data will be skewed right and this data may not be a â€Å"good† sample. The existence of this outlier means our results will be skewed meaning we should find a better sample to base our results on. More importantly, the existence of an outlier reminds us that the mean is not always a good measure of the â€Å"typical† value of X. † (Doane Seward, 2007). Five-step Hypothesis Test Team B would like to find if average Hispanic workers make more than $30,000 per year. The team’s null hypotheses or (HO) is that Hispanic pay is greater than or equal to $30,000. The team’s alternative hypothesis or (H1) is that Hispanic pay is less than $30,000. The significance level has been set at . 05 or 95%. The z score of . 05 is -1. 645. If the z-value is less than -1. 645 then the team can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. If the z-value is greater than -1. 645 then the team fails to reject the null hypothesis, meaning Hispanic workers do, in fact, make more than $30,000 a year. Hypotheses: HO Hispanic pay ? 30,000 H1 Hispanic pay gt; 30,000 Data Set: (University of Phoenix, 2007) 83,601 29,736 15,234 24,509 33,461 13,481 Formula 1: Mean = (83,601+29,736+15,234+24,509+33,461+13,481)/6 M = 33,337 Formula 2: Standard Deviation = SQRT(((X1-M)Squared+(X2-M)Squared†¦)/(N-1)) SD = SQRT(((83,601-33,337)Squared+(29,736-33,337)Squared†¦)/(6-1)) SD = SQRT(((50,24)Squared =(3,601)Squared+(18,094)Squared†¦)/(5) SD = 25,841. 97 Hispanic pay mean = 33,337 Hispanic pay Standard deviation = 25,842 Sample size = 6 Formula 3: Z-Test = (Mean-X)/(Standard Deviation/SQRT(N)) Z = (33,337 – 30,000)/(25842/SQRT(6)) Z = 3,337/10,549. 94 Z = . 3163 As a result, we find that Z gt; -1. 645 Next team B wanted to see what the wage difference was between Caucasians and Hispanics. The team’s null hypothesis or (HO) is that white pay wages are ? Hispanic pay wages. The teams alternative hypothesis or (H1) is White pay wages are lt; Hispanic pay wages. White wages mean = 31,387. 39 Hispanic Wage mean = 33,337. 00 White wages STDEV = 16,810. 03 Hispanic wage STDEV = 25,843. 24 Finally the team wanted to see if age played a part in the difference in pay wages. Our null hypothesis or (HO) is that White age is = to Hispanic ages. The alternative or (H1) is that White age is ? to Hispanic ages. White Wage age mean = 39. 71429 Hispanic wage age mean = 35. 5 White wage age STDEV = 12. 3484 Hispanic wage age STDEV = 14. 25132 Test Results This test is significant because it shows that, based on the sample population; the average Hispanic worker makes more than $30,000 per year. This is because the team performed a one tailed Z-Test to determine with 95% confidence that Hispanic wages were greater than $30,000 per year. This is a one tailed test because the alternate hypothesis is only proven when the Z Value is less than the critical value of $30,000 in this case. With a Z Value of . 3163, we find that our Z-Test has yielded a result significantly higher than -1. 45, which proves H0, or that Hispanic pay is greater than $30,000 per year. The test also concluded that Hispanic workers make more than Caucasian workers on average. We also gathered data showing the average age of Caucasian workers is higher than that of Hispanic workers. In conclusion, this paper has discussed and researched the various influence of one’s race and wages. Our results provided immense data relating to our hypotheses and both verbal and numerical hypothesis were proven to conclude that Hispanic workers on average make more than $30,000 a year and also more than the average Caucasian worker. By using a smaller sample Team B was able to distinguish any correlations between both races and determine a sound result. In today’s economy wages are a momentous factor and whether ones Hispanic or not wages have a sizeable impact on one’s life. We believe our research shows that Hispanic’s have an advantage in the workplace over Caucasian workers. References: Doane, D. P. Seward, L. E. , (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. How to cite One Sample Hypothesis Testing, Papers

Product Life Cycle- McDonalds Essay Example

Product Life Cycle- McDonalds Essay Name: Class: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Product Life Cycle- McDonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Product Life Cycle- McDonalds McDonalds is one of the mostly recognized and best-known brands worldwide. It is the world’s largest hamburger and fast foods chain of restaurants. The food store has a customer base of about fifty million customers daily. Its business plan is structured in a way that a branch might be owned by the corporation, an affiliate or a franchisee. The company deals in cheeseburgers, chicken products, hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, desserts and shakes. The company has grown considerably over the years since it has opened branches in several states across America. The company is also found in 119 countries around the world. The company earns its revenues by investing in properties and franchising together with operating of restaurants. The company is in the market maturity stage of the product life cycle. In this stage, the strong growth in sales by the company is diminishing. At this stage of the product life cycle the competition may appear with similar products like Burger King is doing to McDonalds. The primary objective that a company should focus on when at this stage of the product life cycle is to defend its market share and try to maximize it profits. At this stage also, the features of its products might be enhanced or the company might try to implement other products in order to create a stiff competition for its competitors (Sparks 12). For instance, the company has introduced a new type of food called a salad that targets its health-minded customers. The pricing of the foodstuffs have also been revised lower to fight the competition. The distribution plan of the company has also been revised to become more intensive and with increased incentives to encourage customers to choose McDonalds over its competitors. All these characteristics are of a company in the maturity stage and so is the McDonald’s company. Among the three positioning strategies, McDonalds uses the breakaway positioning strategy. This strategy is where the product escapes from its original category and deliberately associates itself with another product. The marketers of the product change the category in which the products are consumed and the competitors with whom they compete with (Youngme 89). The strategy selection that McDonalds has chosen is indeed fit for the company since it deals with products. Since products are tangible and due to the constant exposure the consumers learn how to easily encounter and experience new features while the products still evolve. The consumers have a welcoming feel to the new product options. However, this only occurs where the product is mature in the market and only where the purchasing of the item is routine and mundane. This is indeed how the McDonalds products are structured since their customers buy them regularly and is a sort of a routine exercise for them. The continued extending of the brands gives diversity to the products which is what the consumers seek and what might keep them faithful to the brand but however, if the product keeps on increasing in diversity, the ignition of passionate buying that the breakaway system ignites are reduced (Sparks 14). Breakaway positioning makes it easy for customers and consumers to make judgments of familiar products and increases their desire for uniqueness. The type of positioning also fends off competition by limiting the efforts of copycats. Companies mostly dealing with products should acquire the breakaway positioning strategy by trying to combine the unique features found in their products in all categories. This can make the company actually develop a maturity for their product and make it grow further. Companies should also remember that their distribution channels, their promotions, the design of their product and their product pricing determine greatly what category the product shall fall in, in the market. Works Cited Youngme, Moon. â€Å"Break Free From The Product Life Cycle†. Harvard Business Review (2005): 87-94. Print. Sparks, John. â€Å"Different Ways to Think about Products†. MKT 301 Web Notes: Products and Brands. (n.d.). Print.

To what extent were black oppo essays

To what extent were black oppo essays To what extent were black opposition groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, responsible for the suppression of the black civil rights movement between 1865-1980? After the 13th Amendment in 1865 the black civil rights movement began. As they were no longer slaves they fought for the rights that should be given to any citizen of the United States of America. The constitution states that all men are created equal but this was not the case as a combination of factors lead to the suppression of the civil rights movement. As soon as they started fighting for rights, groups emerged to oppose them, as Einsteins theory of relativity says, For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. These groups used different methods to achieve their goals. The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, used intimidatory tactics to make blacks do what they wanted, whereas political movements such as the Know Nothing Party tried to turn the rest of the population against them. They were originally effective, but in the end just seemed to give more resolution to the civil rights movement. More importantly was the socio-political climate of the US at this time as discrimina tion against blacks was very deep seated and political parties did nothing to help blacks. Also the state legislatures were given too much power by the federal government so they could enforce their own racist laws, the Jim Crowe laws, at their own discretion. Finally, the lack of unity in the blacks civil rights movement, which is probably the most important factor, meant that they were pulling in different directions, rather than all pushing in the same one. The conflicts within the movement were always there and meant that there were never huge amounts of sustained pressure, which was what was needed to enforce changes. The Ku Klux Klan had three main periods of influence and had varying degrees of success in each. They first came into being in 1865 an...

10 Tips for Better Business Writing

10 Tips for Better Business Writing 10 Tips for Better Business Writing 10 Tips for Better Business Writing By Mark Nichol Writing in a business environment is an activity with associated norms, challenges, and opportunities. Keep the following points in mind as you craft communication in the context of a company or an organization. 1. Clarity Be clear. Clarity is the primary goal of all communication, and in business writing, the degree of transparency in one’s message can determine whether one succeeds or fails in a venture, whether you’re transmitting a report or closing a deal. State the intention of your message, provide the necessary details, and request the precise response you need or want. 2. Active Voice Employ active construction (subject-verb-object). â€Å"This report was sent to me by John Smith† is not wrong, and it’s probably the best choice if you want to distinguish one report from another, but consider whether â€Å"John Smith† should be the subject of the sentence; the active syntax is more vigorous, and usually more appropriate. 3. Direct Language Construct concise, declarative statements. Your goal is to provide or invite information, or to persuade or be persuaded. Your time is valuable to you, but the recipient or recipients of your communication also have constraints and deadlines, so take the time to express yourself with economy and directness. 4. Simple Words Favor plain, clear words and phrases over technical terms, jargon, or buzzwords. Take care not to complicate your vocabulary or stiffen your tone in an attempt to seem more businesslike or expert. By all means, use proper terminology to enhance clarity and demonstrate your knowledge and skills, but imagine how you would speak to your intended audience, and write with a conversational glossary in mind. 5. Tone Strike a balance in tone that depends on the particular context of the communication. Even within categories (memos, whether in print or in email form, or marketing content), the feel of the correspondence will depend on many factors. Consult with management and colleagues, study precedents, and consider the audience when settling on the voice of a particular message. 6. Role Consider the role of a particular piece of communication. If it’s summarizing a report, don’t go into so much detail that the report itself is unnecessary (unless, of course, you’re providing an executive summary for a company leader who doesn’t have time to read it). If it’s part of a larger project, match your writing style to the approach of the overall suite of materials. 7. Goal Focus on the expected or hoped-for outcome. Whether you’re writing to a superior or a subordinate, or to a colleague or someone outside your company or organization, be clear but courteous about the goal of your correspondence. 8. Candor Avoid euphemisms or generic references; name topics outright. Diplomacy is a foundation of successful business transactions, but you can undermine success by seeming too solicitous or vague about sensitive matters. Be forthright in your discussion. 9. Formality Standards for business correspondence have become more relaxed, but maintain a professional tone, avoiding slang or text-speak, exclamation points, and overly informal salutations and sign-offs. 10. Words with Friends Be cautious about making exceptions about formality when corresponding with coworkers or associates you consider friends or confidants. Just because you dish or swear when the two of you chat in person doesn’t mean you should do so in email messages or other electronic communications located on a company network. Drop the formality a notch, certainly, but don’t document your lapses in professional behavior. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 10155 Boxing IdiomsPlurals of Proper Names

Political science project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political science project - Essay Example Social and Political effects of IMF Both IIMF and World have played an imperative role in shaping the political, social and economic environments of India, especially with the knowledge that India has been one of the developing countries with unstable environments. In this regard, with the IMF and the World Bank, both the social and political environments of India have been profoundly impacted. Scholars assert that India has received more benefits than losses from the International Financial Institutions. This is because; it is notable that India’s economy has improved since the two institutions came into action. Still, others state that the World Bank created more harm than good by reducing the Indian Economic growth rate (Mishra, 2012). However, one of the notable impacts of World Bank on the Indian economic and social environment is poverty alleviation. Statistics show that so far India has borrowed a total of US$ 65.8 billion from the World Bank. This played a key role to India since it assisted in funding its projects (Kumar, 2012). Needless to say, the funds provided were used in projects such as development of the infrastructure, rural development and social improvements among the citizens. The living standards of Indians have been improved since the poverty level has been reduced. ... Arguably, IMF also plays an extremely significant role in the Indian political and economic environments through a number of ways. This is mainly by providing economic assistance in terms of funding the government projects in the country. In addition, the IMF also provides consultancy services to the country in policy making. Kumar (2012) asserts that these policy making services have had a substantial impact on India’s political and social economy. This is because; with better policies in the country, cases of corruption are reduced and there is political integrity. In addition, borrowed funds will be utilized efficiently and thus there will be overall growth among the citizens (Eiras, 2003). Another social impact that has been observed is the improvement of the health of the citizens. A report by Kumar (2012) about the effects of IMF on India showed that, due to lack of food and other necessities the country suffered from health problems. In addition, a report given in the y ear 2007 showed that most children of the poor families in India were born while suffering from malnutrition (Mishra, 2012). This is because, the pregnant mothers had not been well fed during their maternity periods. With funding from the IMF and the World Bank, the country can provide food assistance to the poor families and thus, promoting the health of many of the citizens (Mishra, 2012). Cases of food starvation in the country have also been reduced, thus impacting the society positively since cases of theft or tribal clashes have reduced. This is a serious social effect in India since it promotes peace and stability in the country. In reference to Lagarde (2012), the World Bank and the IMF have positive effects

Contract law problem scenario Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract law problem scenario - Case Study Example Equity has always sought to protect the weaker of two parties from oppression and from exploitation. In the context of a mortgage, equity will seek to intervene where the mortgage terms are oppressive. In order to answer this question it needs to consider presumed undue influence, which was defined in Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody1. In this case the Court held that there was a relationship of trust and confidence between the parties of such a nature that it is fair to presume that the trust and confidence of the claimant were abused. Ginger is mother of Seamus, so the case falls in Class 2A types presumed undue influence for specific relationship. In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No. 2)2, the principle judgement was given by Lord Nicholls. In this case Ginger is especially proud of Seamus, who is a real success in her eyes. Lord Nicholls considered that a bank or any financial institution lending money should take steps to ensure that the claimant receives legal advice by asking for the name of the claimant's legal adviser. Here Northern Bank sends Miss Bindie with all the necessary paperwork but she did not provide adequate information. On the other hand Miss Bindie advised for solicitor or accountant to explain details of legal responsibilities and risks involved before sign papers. In order to answer this question it is also necessary to argue whether the contract was unconscionable or not. Here the contract was unconscionable for Ginger. Ginger is a pensioner, and has no other income. In Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio3, in the High Court, it was held that the transaction should be set as side on the grounds that the bank's behaviour was unconscionable. An English court might well have reached the same conclusion on these facts by the application of the rules of undue influence. In Portman Building Society v Dusangh4, a father borrowed money on mortgage from the claimants so as to fund a loan to his son who was planning to buy a supermarket. The father was 72, retired, illiterate in English and spoke it poorly. No fraud or undue influence on the part of the son was alleged and the son was not in financial difficulties at the time of the loan. The father, the son and the building society sought to enforce the mortgage and the father argued that the tr ansaction as unconscionable was not excluded but on the facts the transaction was held not to be unconscionable. In Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien5, Mrs O'Brien sought to set aside the mortgage transaction on the ground that she signed the documents under undue influence and misrepresentation. It was held that the mortgage had been obtained either by her husband's misrepresentation or because of undue influence over her and the court ordered it to be set aside. Ginger can apply to the under s.14 of Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA), whereby the court may make any order, including one not to sell (unlike the old s.30 of the Law of Property Act 1925, where sale was often the required way to resolve any dispute unless the purposes for which the property was

Development of the Administrative Structure

Development of the Administrative Structure 1 PHASE 1 (1789- 1883) THE FORMATIVE ERA 1.1 Introduction Although Public Administration as a separate academic field was only developed in the early 20th century it is important to study the early history of the field as it gives important insights into the complex governance structure that is currently in existence within the nation. The[b1] first phase began with the setting up of the new government under a new constitution by George Washington in 1789, takes a significant change in approach post the election of President Andrew Jackson which gave rise to the spoils system and finally ends with the implementation of the Pendleton Act which marked an end to the spoils system. The major factors that influenced the creation of an administrative structure during this time period and the reasons why they was modified afterwards will be presented in this section. 1.2 Major Factors The major factors that influenced the evolution of public administration during the first phase presented chronologically are as follows: 1.2.1 Government under the U.S Constitution The United State Constitution was drafted in 1787 and the new government had its first session in 1789 under President George Washington. While the period during the drafting of the constitution involved the sorting and testing of the American heritage of political ideas and experience, the period between 1789 to 1800 was one of selective synthesis of political concepts, and the establishment of a federal system of administration during the presidency of Washington and Adams (Caldwell,1976). The role of public administration during the early formative years was seen primarily as to facilitate in institutionalizing freedom. The government during this phase was largely concerned with coming up with a working system that could factor in the complex relations that existed between the states the centre and provide unique identity to the government 1.2.2 Expansion of Federal Powers under Hamilton The first major changes in the administrative structure of the newly formed state came with the changes brought in by Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the treasury. During this period, Hamilton introduced several bills through his reports that lead to the federal government assuming state debts, creation of a national bank and tariffs on select trade operations. In just 10 years Hamilton put in place an administrative infrastructure that set the young nation on course for becoming an opulent commercial power (Green, 2002). These advancements by the federal government gave significant power to itself over the states and thus increased its responsibilities as well. The role of the federal government changed significantly after this step, as it moved from the state of being a facilitator to that of a manager of public affairs. The role of Hamilton in deciding the path to be taken by America in becoming an International power was based on supporting a strong national government as a more effective protector of rights and as a greater stimulant to prosperity than the states which would otherwise remain as a force majeure. His contributions to public administration in America according to Green (2002) can be mainly classified among four major categories: politics, organization design, ethics and law. Politics: Hamilton believed that public administration must conform its operations with the political character and principles of its people/society. He was the first person to envision the complex relation that public administration would hold with politics and believed that all three branches (Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary) would be involved with neither monopolizing or being subordinate to the other Organizational Design: Hamilton wanted a strong government that possessed competency and power, particularly considering the failure of the Articles of Confederation. For that to take effect Hamilton envisioned a partial agency concept which allowed separation of powers and also fostered dependency. Ethics :Hamilton was also one of the first persons to identify the role, ethics is to play in public administration. He understood that public administration officials might be influenced significantly and hence wanted to enhance their ethical standards by using external and internal measures like public status, sufficient pay, belief that future generations will view their achievements etc. Legal : Hamilton being one of the founding fathers involved in the writing of the constitution had in depth knowledge of its powers and limitations. He used the necessary and proper clause to create and muster support for his financial and welfare schemes. 1.2.3 Rise of Jefferson and Republicans Thomas Jefferson was ideologically polar opposite of Hamilton and preferred a Laissez-faire approach by the government. Under Washington and Adams Hamilton was setting up the road map towards the creation of America which would posses an integrated balanced economy requiring the simulation of finance and manufacturing and implying a degree of centralized administrative control over the national economy. Jefferson despised this ideology as he had seen first hand the evils of centralization, bureaucracy and public indebtedness during his travels to France as minister to the court. Jefferson wished to keep the American Common Wealth a union as to foreign affairs but decentralized as to domestic affairs. Jefferson became the voice of the people who were against Hamilton and his aggressive federalist ideologics. Jefferson was successful in maneuvering this opposition to Hamilton to finally win the presidency which lead to a significant alternation in the direction America was progressing in for a very long time. Jefferson believed in a wise and frugal government which shall restrain men from harming each other and shall otherwise leave them free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement. The Ideological differences of Hamilton and Jefferson can also be attributed to what they felt constituted America. Hamilton look at America as a growing county that had a huge potential, if it embraced the federalist approach whereas Jefferson viewed America as the people it constituted and wanted to focus more their growth and prosperity. Although Jefferson is considered as one of the finest presidents of America , he is largely remembered for what he said than what he did during his presidency. The major contribution of Jefferson to growth of Public Administration are the set of principles he had developed. They represented to him the rules by which wise administrative action should be guided. They were : Harmony , Frugality Simplicity , Providing for Change, responsibility and decentralization. His role at the top of the executive body made him realize the need for educated and competent leaders in the highest offices. He was also one of the first person who attempted to divide the politics from the administration, although it was done only in the case of federalist appointees. The government of America and its executive body took a 180 degree turn from the Hamiltonian approach, under Jefferson and stayed so until the late 19th century. Another important aspect related to his presidency was his belief int he educat ion system. He believed that education was clearly the responsibility of the government. Jeffersons presidency highlighted the major dilemmas that presidents have to encounter for centuries afterwards. He did not prefer taxation of the general public but had to execute it, he wished for greater local control but at the same time was vary of growing state and local powers. 1.2.4 Populist Approaches and the Rise of Spoils System President Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America. His rise to power signaled the rise of the populist democracy and more importantly the spoils system. Under this system the federal government jobs were given to its supporters of the ruling party as a reward for working for it as opposed to a merit system. Jackson’s rise to power signaled numerous ever lasting changes in America. The change in the voting electorate from white men who possessed property to all the white men brought everlasting changes to the democratic structure of America. This eventually lead to the populist movements which meant policies that had more public support were implemented most of the times. The growth of the voter electorate made the process of winning the election process all the more difficult, the parties started to implement the spoils system as an incentive for its party members to work it. The spoils systems had one of the biggest negative impacts on the pro gress of America as it lead to the drain of qualified personnel from administrative positions. The new emphasis on loyalty rather than competence had a long term negative effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of the federal government 1.2.5 Role of the Judiciary The expansion of the powers at the federal level and the varying political stands of the states lead to conflicting situations within the government particularly at the executive and legislative levels. The supreme court passed several land mark judgments in the formative years in cases like the Marbury Vs Madison , Fletcher Vs Peck and Gibbons Vs Ogden using its judicial review powers. These judgments particularly demarcated the boundaries between the executive and the judicial branches and also clearly specified the limitations of the legislatures and the executive branches. The rise of the supreme court and its use of the judicial review powers along with the necessary and proper clause of the congress, helped in acting as checks on the powers imbibed with public administration to the legislature and the executive. The dominance of the judiciary by the federalists, particularly after the might night appointees further polarized the differences in ideologies of the Hamiltonians an d the Jeffersonians and established the important role of the judiciary in public administration. 1.2.6 Changing mood of the Nation America as envisioned by its founding fathers consisted of people who had historically a rights oriented and individualistic culture. This unique point of view of things of Americans was and is, even now one of the major factors influencing its policies and administration. Even the constitution as written by the founding fathers, attempts to be a limiter on the power of the government rather than limit the powers of its citizens. In its early formative years voting rights belonged largely to the aristocrats who were fairly educated. The government until 1829 embraced the Hamiltonian approach and promoted expansion and promotion of the private sector to boost the economy. This decision particularly was comfortable from the elite stand point of view as it helped boost their businesses. But as the awareness and educative levels of the citizens increased gradually, the relative interest of politics within the citizens increased and lead to a situation where in a majority of the voters we re not aristocrats. This change in voting rights and political awareness was influential in creation of populist electorates that eventually lead to the creation of the spoils system. The role of Religion in early America as a social binder was also very crucial in steering the ideological stand of the Americans. 1.3 Role of Presidents The constitution of The United States of America grants its president the power over the executive branch. The unique division of power between the executive, the legislative and the judiciary is what makes the American democracy and administrative structure unique. The necessary and proper clause of the constitution grants the president and his executive office unique privileges and has lead to everlasting impact on the administrative structure of the country. Hamilton himself under president Washington made ample use of the ambiguity in the constitution to propagate a strong centralized federal structure. All the presidents in the formative era except John Quincy Adams were founding fathers and in being so had intent and purpose towards the growth of the nation. Under President Washington, Hamilton envisioned and created a strong federal executive body. He continued the same even under President John Adams and lead to the federal governments increasing hold over the states. Under i ts first two presidents, the American government witnessed a massive boost to the federal and state level executive structures. The American presidents office saw numerous changes under the subsequent presidents of the formative era , but were largely not influential on the administrative structure of the state. The mid night appointees under President Adams lead to politicizing of the judicial and the executive wings also and further increased the powers of the presidency. This period particularly saw the rise of corruption and bargains systems within the administrative structures.

Role Of Women In Sustainable Forest Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the past twosome of decennaries most development plans have come to the decision that peoples ‘ engagement is important for their success. Forestry plans have followed the same general way. In Nepal, it is realized that forests status and country were decreased chiefly in 1980s due to quickly increasing population force per unit area ( Adhikari 2001 ) . Therefore, authorities establishments and INGO ‘s took induction for affecting local people, particularly adult females in the direction of the wood. Several surveies have shown that adult females are the primary users of forest resources in many developing states. Nepal is non an exclusion. Harmonizing to ( Lamichhane 2004 ) , the survey of adult females ‘s position in Nepal indicates: Sixty six per centum of clip of the adult females is being spent in fuel wood aggregation. Ninety five per centum of the fuel energy in the mountain part of Nepal comes from the fuel wood. Womans and misss collect 87 % of the entire fuel wood. Looking at the state of affairs, authorities of Nepal has included the issue in the development program from eight five twelvemonth program ( 1992-1997 ) . Ninth five twelvemonth program ( 1997-2002 ) states that, â€Å" As adult females are chiefly involved in aggregation of lumber, firewood, fresh fish, workss, carnal bedclothes and so on, necessary agreements will be made to include them compulsory in the forest users commissions † . Thus, theoretically adult females ‘s engagement in forestry plans considered of import from the eight five twelvemonth program and encouraged them for engagement in assorted forestry plans of authorities though adult females have some restraints to make so ( Chaudhary 2000 ) . The undermentioned state of affairs is still confronting by adult females in pattern. Womans are constrained by society to come from their houses. If it is so so starts negative remarks and none of the household member supports them. Womans are discouraged and did non elect in determination devising organic structure. If they elected so they would be for formality either or to demo the giver bureaus. Still, in many societies adult females are avoided from the contact with the aliens because they are diffident. Their hubbies do non wish their contact with other males. Womans are considered forest destroyers alternatively of defenders. Women ‘s commission can non work without support of males and are non working good due to their credibleness and household supports. Forest resource direction in Nepal is based on the people ‘s engagement and determination of the user ‘s group. Women are the cardinal wood users and their engagement in the sustainable direction reveals the success of the direction patterns. Therefore adult females ‘s engagement and engagement is most so. But the social scene in Nepal has great influence on adult females ‘s engagement. Besides these restraints, community forestry plan tried to authorise the adult females ‘s position through engagement in Nepal in someway when it emerged during 1980s ( Giri, Pokhrel et Al. 2008 ) . In this paper it is tried to analyse the followerss: Obstacles on specifying adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising in community forestry Policies and programs to increase the decisive functions of adult females in community forestryObstacles on specifying adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising in community forestry in NepalNepali societies are multicultural, complex and have hierarchal system which includes different caste groups, economic categories, and societal rankings within people. These fluctuations distinguished the upper and lower caste system, gender biased division in societal activities, etc. Therefore, there is ever the being of discriminatory nature in the society over the usage and control of the resources. Basically these obstructions besides have threatened the vulnerable groups and adult females in take parting in the community forestry procedure ( Timsina 2002 ) . However in recent context, many adult females are involved in community forestry plans after awareness plans of NGOs and authorities though they are dominated by work forces and are bewildered by deficiency of specific functions and supports. Chiefly, the adult females are non attracted to community forestry plans as outlook of the authorities and NGOs because of the factors:Irrelevant of the plans to the demands of adult females:Community forestry plans planted pine which is useless for adult females instead it added more work to them. Similarly, community wood is restricted for fresh fish and firewood aggregations, which send them far for aggregation of such points. Some community forest user groups are more financess oriented because they have to use watchers for forest protection. In this state of affairs, adult females can non roll up grass fresh fish and firewood instead commission gross revenues such points yearly. This makes adult females disinterested to community forestry.R estriction to adult females ‘s engagement in formal organisations:Womans are busy people of the household who can non pull off clip for meetings, which offers nil to them. They have to be busy most of the clip within family ; cookery, eating, kid lovingness, utensils rinse, cleansing, H2O fetching and animate being lovingness. These are their chief duties which do non let them to travel out go toing meetings and so on. Community forestry plans were begun as formal organisations because it was developed signifier of Panchayat Forest ( local authorities unit ) where adult females are far from formal organisations in Nepal.Lack of attending and support given to adult females by undertaking, contrivers, and authorities functionaries:Women ‘s engagement is still weak in forestry due to the undermentioned grounds: Illiteracy, low position in society, deficiency of cognition about the plans, they are hesitating to go involved in public work, deficiency of support of their male household members, non self assurance, unsure about their uncertainnesss and so on. In most of the forest users group the high and average degree population are largely involved in the commission instead than the lower category, adult females and marginalized groups which have bulk users of the resources ( Timsina 2002 ) . Figure 1 illustrates the findings of a gender analysis survey in community woods of Ramechhap and Dolakha territory in Nepal. The figure clearly illustrates the gender biased functions in every sector of authorities, community and family. As we discussed earlier that adult females ‘s engagement in community forestry are defined by different societal and cultural barriers that the society clasp. The society has its inferior position towards adult females sing the determination doing procedure from family to community forestry though they spend most of the clip in it. Though adult females try to come across these barriers with their ain attempts and abilities, their engagement is non wining due to the male dominancy and determination over the resource usage. Hence adult females ‘s engagement in determination devising procedure is still in the creep phase in the sustainable resource direction in most of the developing states particularly Nepal.Women ‘s EngagementNFUG C ommittee Members– Policy 50 % of all commission should be adult females In world merely 2-3 members merelyCommunity ForestryTake about no decisions- varies with ethnicity Have no control on assets Have no entree as per regulations made by work forces Maximal impact on her day-to-day work burdenHousehold ImpactCaste, place in household and support from hubby will act upon grade of engagement Time restraint due to duplicate burden- ‘inside ‘ and ‘outside ‘ undertakingsFUG Formation ProcessNo specific scheme to approach/ involve adult females though recommended in Re-orientation Participate in labour for determinations taken by work forces Equally knowing but non consultedTraining PlansWomen ever really few, if any Mobility restraint Poor attitudinal & A ; practical support from work forces Illiteracy in all adult females ‘s group Rarely invited for proficient preparationForest ForcesCultural/attitude prejudice towards adult females ‘s capableness Constraints on communicating with adult females About all determinations take by work forces ( Undertaking and Community ) Womans more antiphonal to adult females Texas rangers Neither functionaries nor adult females take the enterpriseAgro ForestryAbout all interactions between undertaking staff ( all work forces except one ) and hubby as caput of family. Largely fulfills labor/care of baby's room Can non command assets as land non in her name Beginning: ( DRCFDP 1995 ) Fig 1: Women ‘s engagement in Different Activities Although we discussed about the obstructions, the adult females ‘s inclusiveness in the community forestry has besides been observed in some facet. The empowerment attack in WID recognized the adult females ‘s ternary function ( production, reproduction and community ) that seeks to run into the strategic gender demands. It indirectly through the grass roots mobilisation of practical gender demands support to seek the strategic gender demands. It explicitly focus the demand of power to adult females for bettering the place ( Moser 1989 ) . In Nepal adult females ‘s engagement in community forestry, organizing and take parting in forest users ‘ group is increasing. They are concentrating their active engagement and functions in widening the constructions and determination devising procedure ( Giri and Darnhofer 2010 ) . The community forest user groups define the managerial facet of the forest resources. Thus adult females ‘s engagement in these groups helps them to raise the voice in their practical and strategic gender demands which create a mechanism for carry throughing them ( Giri 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Adhikari ( 2001 ) , Nepali adult females in cragged part drama effectual function in the forest direction. The subsistence life schemes lead the increase of diverseness of adult females ‘s function in resource direction. In the same manner, authorities plans and NGO ‘s have taken adult females as primary group and encouraged their engagement in decisive organic structure of forestry plans. They focus on: Women ‘s engagement is critical in re-greening of the state. Womans will be benefited from their engagement in forestry plans because they are the chief users of the wood. Womans are the lone lasting dwellers of the country. As we are discoursing about some positive facet of adult females ‘s inclusivity in resource direction, it is besides of import to discourse the typology of their engagement. In most of the instances adult females ‘s engagement are inactive in nature. Their engagement is chiefly pretended under which they can be manipulated. Similarly their engagement is functional chiefly targeted to the accomplishment of undertaking end ( Agarwal 2001 ) .Policies and programs to increase the decisive functions of adult females in community forestryThe conventional theory on development did non place the nucleus function of adult females in sustainable resource direction. Therefore, a response alteration in environmental policy, planning and plan is required to take a firm stand that adult females are the active stakeholders in resource direction ( Armitage and Hyma 1997 ) . Womans are the 1 who largely carry tonss of firewood, branchlets, little lumber, fresh fish, leaf-litter, non lumber forest merchandise and so on from the woods. The adult females are besides responsible for taking H2O. They are non merely responsible for aggregation of such points for place usage but besides affecting selling. The adult females are left at place in most of the developing states therefore they are still responsible for the addendum and direction of natural resource for domestic usage when their hubbies go to seek for chances in markets. Due to the state of affairs, most of the development bureaus have been recommending on the issue of Women in Environmental Development ( WED ) since the last 30 old ages on the issue of adult females in H2O, land and wood. Harmonizing to ( Regmi 2007 ) , community based resource direction is a cardinal rule to authorise the adult females ‘s position in community forestry. Armitage and Hyma ( 1997 ) besides pointed that community based participatory attack to adult females is required for development. The community based resource direction procedure on the footing of Women ‘s Empowerment Framework is intended to the policy shapers, contrivers and development militant to analyze the extend of support required for the adult females ‘s authorization ( Mosedale 2005 ) . The empowerment procedure can be improved through the alteration or alteration in the community forestry procedure that could include the marginalized community and adult females in the determination devising procedures. The policy degree agents such authorities functionaries, community stakeholders, facilitators should be given developing to plan the plans so that more marginalized people and adult females could be included ( Nightingale 2002 ) . ( Acharya and Gentle 2006 ) in their on the job paper illustrate the authorising procedure on the footing of their three twelvemonth undertaking in Nepal on Strengthening the Role of Women and Civil Society in Democracy and Governance ( SAMARPAN ) . Figure 2 illustrate the procedure, which shows that authorization, inclusiveness should be started from the base of the plan. The protagonism, preparation, literacy categories, measuring internal administration capacity defines the base for the inclusion of adult females and marginalized people in the determination devising procedure which subsequently on contribute to the peace development, struggle direction, sustainable resource direction and poorness decrease. This plan was based on the Rights Based Approach ( RBA ) which focuses on recognizing the vulnerable, marginalized groups, adult females about the human rights. Besides the rights, this attack besides encourages to carry through their duties among the groups. Sustainable Resource Management Governance & A ; Consencus edifice Poverty Decrease Inclusion of adult females and fringy community in the determination devising procedures Appraisal of internal administration capacity Community degree protagonism and adult females empowerment preparation Advocacy literacy categories Participatory, transparent and inclusive standards to choose local facilitators and preparation participants Practice of public audit and hearing in undertaking activities Empowering and participatory acquisition stuffs Fig 2: Procedure of authorization ( Adapted and modified from Acharya & A ; Gentle, 2006 )DecisionFrom the above treatment it is clear that adult females are the chief users of wood merchandises though their engagement in the wood direction is really weak. Since 1970s, development plans and bureaus have been working in the sector of adult females ‘s authorization recognizing the necessity of adult females ‘s engagement in development plans though their engagement is non as outlook. Forestry direction sector is non an exclusion. Merely approximately 10 % of the community woods have been managing by adult females groups in Nepal today. As people attitude is being altering from the past it is possible to authorise the adult females and marginalized groups in the hereafter. The socio-cultural position is the barriers for limited and inactive engagement in the community forestry sector in Nepal. The projected orientated activities of the giver and other organisations do non really work out the adult females ‘s position in the society instead they felt inferior themselves. Hence the attacks of equal engagement in every sector including the community forestry should be developed. This proviso could assist to make strong adult females ‘s commission and aid in the income coevals activities.

Emile Durkheim And Karl Marx - 746 Words

Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx are considered the founding fathers of sociology. Both men had an influence on the development of sociology. Marx and Durkheim differed in their idea of what alienation consisted of. For Marx, the issue was class conflict. While, for Durkheim, it was a disordered society trying to adapt. Although they both had different concepts of alienation, both men believed that alienation lead to a man’s disconnectedness with society and their natural state of mind. Durkheim and Marx also had contrasting views of the role of religion and education. Karl Marx was not a religious type of person, he believed it served as sanctuary. However, Durkheim believed religion serves for society no matter how it is practiced. As for†¦show more content†¦Durkheim’s views on alienation differ from Marx’s beliefs. Durkheim focused on the idea of social solidarity and anomie. He believed that class division was acceptable because it formed interdependen ce. Durkheim saw it as normlessness and/or anomie. Anomie essentially means little moral guidance to individuals which may lead to the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society. When a person feels anomic, there is a feeling of purposelessness in life leading to the reason he wrote his book Suicide. Durkheim viewed anomic people as an individual’s lifestyle becoming too unstable leading to a breakdown. This is what occurred over different society. Durkheim argued that suicide can be caused by social factors, not just individual psychological ones. Durkheim felt that the system would eventually take care of itself and eventually adapt to a suitable form. In Durkheim’s eyes, religion gave meaning and purpose to life as well as reinforcing social unity and stability. Religion gave people a similar set of beliefs, which is a meaningful agent of socialization by bringing people together physically and emotionally. Thus, religion demonstrates moral behavior to people, helping them learn to be good members of society. His views of religion centered on making people willing to put the concerns of others ahead of themselves. As for education, Durkheim believedShow MoreRelatedEmile Durkheim And Karl Marx Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages(Bratton Denham, 2014). Two of the main sociological theorists, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, had different understandings of the notion about the division of labor. This topic has been contested and debated by many theorists but this paper is going to focus on how Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx views this topic. Karl Marx views the division of labor as a process that alienates the individual from their work (Llorente, 2006). Marx also views the division of labor as a way for the capitalist bourgeoisieRead MoreKarl Marx And Emile Durkheim Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pages Writing in the late 19th and early 20th century, during a drastic period of change, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, two of sociologyâ€℠¢s most renowned thinkers, challenged multiple facets of the capitalist social structures in which they found themselves. Marx, a conflict theorist, and Durkheim, a functionalist, sought to analyze and explain capitalist society. In this brief analysis, their theories regarding the will be compared, contrasted, and critically engaged with - highlighting the differencesRead MoreKarl Marx And Emile Durkheim1149 Words   |  5 Pages Is society created by class conflicts or by religious teachings? Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim opine in a polarizing fashion on the framework and functioning of a society; one asserts that conflict shapes society, the other argues that society is a product cohesion due to the presence of the quintessential social fact, religion. Religion fosters a collective conscious on grounds of shared beliefs and values, argues Durkheim. Marx, on the other hand, claims that social classes and the conflict betweenRead MoreKarl Marx And Emile Durkheim1316 Words   |   6 Pagessurvive. However, all of that had changed when Capitalism and industrialization have been introduced to the world. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim had different views on what the important aspects are that made up â€Å"modern† society. To Marx, the conflict between the classes and the division of labour caused social structures, which, as a result, caused alienation, which, according to Marx, are important aspects of modern society. With Capitalism came along industrialization, which required workers andRead MoreEmile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx1689 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Emile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx Durkheim vs. Marx Introduction: For so many years, authorities from each field have deliberated normative theories to explain what holds the society together. Almost each specialist, from structural functionalism, positivism and conflict theory perspective, had contributed their works trying to illustrate main problematic to our society. In one way, one of the Emile Durkheim’s famous work is â€Å"division of labor† whichRead MoreEssay on Perspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1215 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of productionRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1447 Words   |  6 Pageswill be a part of culture and society. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim are the top three most important figures in sociology; and although each of them viewed religion differently, I strongly believe that they understood its power, and demonstrated its importance to people and societies. As such, I will utilize all three of these great minds, to demonstrate religion as an important and permanent part of culture and society. Let s begin with Karl Marx, and his conflict theory. AccordingRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Weber929 Words   |  4 Pagespeople did not have in the past such as getting food from the grocery store instead of having to find food on our own. Society was originally focused on a single belief, but now our society has expanded and several beliefs are now common. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber all have their own observations on social change and order and how certain things dramatically affect the outcome of a society. Marx’s view on social change is influenced by the class struggle that involved the rulingRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 Pagesurban theorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopes and desires. They both also agree that religion plays a powerful role in influencingRead MoreEmile Durkheim, Karl Marx And Max Weber1827 Words   |  8 Pages Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are considered to be three canon social theorists who laid the foundation of sociology and contributed, in detailed accounts, the fundamentals of study of society. Each theorist belongs to a different school of thought and presents separate theories on how societies work. While there are bits and parts that might seem similar in each theorist’s social theory, each theorist largely differs from each other. Durkheim, Marx and Weber, among other things, also

The Legal Consumption Of Alcohol - 941 Words

During the early 1900 s, people in America were living with the drastic changes that the Civil War had inevitably brought. Under the United States Constitution, peoples lives, liberties and all their inclusive rights were protected throughout all of the Amendments. Included in these rights were the legal consumption of alcohol, as well as the distribution. With a danger of human life, and the moral of the Country, the U.S Government passed the Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition was the Eighteenth Amendment, this banned the legal use, production, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Alcohol had been a rampant issue in the United States for a long time, the ban on alcohol was a victory for life, liberty, and growth in America. Prohibition banned alcohol, and all inclusive aspects dealing with the beverage. Alcohol was viewed as a key issue in the progress of America. Frank Salamone writes â€Å"It seems inevitable that people will seek to ban the bad habits of others. Certainly, there was cause for concern regarding the high consumption of alcohol in the United States and its effects on individuals and families. By all accounts, alcoholism was a serious problem in America, and people sought solutions for it.† (Salamone 2) These particular issues stemmed long before the Civil War, however, the end of the war made this issue a priority for the government. With America in dire need of change, the government pulled together and insisted onShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Age Of Alcohol Consumption1816 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent opinions on the legal age of alcohol consumption. Some countries have the age lowered to eighteen and, the United States has it set at twenty-one. In Canada, it is typically up to the parents if the children drink and a lot of the kids are raised drinking beer with meals; therefore, it is pretty laid back in Canada regarding alcohol consumption. The drinking age being lowered could immensely change things around America; students would be at lower risk of alcohol-related deaths, there wouldRead MoreShould the legal age for the consumption of alcohol be increased to 21?863 Words   |  4 PagesIncreasing the legal age for the consumption of alcohol to twenty-one is a topic that has recently sparked much debate, with many people endorsing the idea of increasing the age of alcohol consumption. This is because it is thought that implementing such a law may curb youth binge drinking and alcohol related road accidents (Drug Free Australia: 2008). However there are many reasons as to why the legal age for alcohol consumption should not be increased. These include the fact that young people willRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed force s while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drink alcohol. This is because the US law has set the threshold for alcohol purchase and consumption at 21 years of age (Mistral 1980). The question thenRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 PagesLegality and Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one.Read MoreLowering The Drinking Age From 21 Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagessubjecting themselves to excessive amounts of alcohol at illegal ages, and the consequences are evident all around us. Every year over 5,000 kids under the age of 21 die from alcohol abuse, 1 in 5 10th graders will resort to binge drinking, and alcohol continues to damage developing teen brains (Let’s Stop Teen Drinking Tragedies). While they may not be seen in night clubs in bars, people between the ages of 18 and 21 are subjecting themselves to un safe usage of alcohol in private or at high school partiesRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for votingRead MoreEconomics Intervention and Externalities Essay example939 Words   |  4 PagesProduction, Consumption, and venture decisions of households, firms and individuals frequently affect others not involved in the actions. At times these indirect effects are minuscule. But when they are large they can become an issue—these are called externalities. Externalities are one of the major reasons governments intervene in the economic sphere. A positive externality is a benefit acquired by a third party due to an economic transaction. Whereas, a ne gative externality is a cost that isRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1117 Words   |  5 PagesDebates related to the legal age of alcohol consumption have been going on for many years. While some feel that 21 should remain as the legal minimum consumption age, others disagree. By examining different aspects of alcohol consumption such as social motives and health related concerns one is more able to fully grasp the role that alcohol plays in our society. Through research and analyzation one can come to the conclusion that a lowered legal drinking age is not the answer. The legal drinking age shouldRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Act1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Contentious Dilemma on the Restrictions of the Legal Drinking Age A highly controversial topic that continues to rise is the debate of the legal drinking age and whether it should lower from twenty-one, or remain. On July 17, 1984, Ronald Reagan was in office when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed, prohibiting anyone under the age of twenty-one from publicly possessing and purchasing alcohol. After the Act was passed in 1984, the states that failed to abide by Ronald Reagan’s